فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 11 (تابستان 1393)

The growing complexity of cities and the rapid pace of urbanization growth, especially in developing countries, alongside the failure of centralist, top-down and non-participatory approaches in urban management, lead to the emergence of participatory approaches in planning and urban management and governance paradigm worldwide. In recent decades, city managers and politicians of Tehran metropolis have paid special attention to citizen participation and local government due to numerous socio-economic, physical, and environmental problems. Development of Local councils in this metropolitan is spatial manifestation of these transformations. Local Councils carried out various programs not only to attract people and facilitate maximum public participation but also to improve municipalities programs and projects. Local Councils of Darb-e-Dovom neighborhood aims at providing a context for public participation and create public space for all classes of people at the local level by holding cultural, sports and social programs. Therefore, using library and field studies and distributing 360 questionnaires in the Darb Dovom dwellings, the needed data for the present study were collected based on assessed the public participation and satisfaction of local people. To do this, the data were analyzed by descriptive - analytical method in Minitab software. Finally, the correlation of the variables were examined by using Pearson test indicating a relatively high correlation between variables, so that the highest correlation was between satisfaction and cultural programs (887/0) while the lowest correlation with the amount of 0.716 is in sport programs.

In the present century in which the water crisis is threatening most of the countries, introducing a technology coincident with the approach of reducing the waste and improving quality of water is an influential step to decrease the crisis rate resulted from drought. In this regard, during the last few decades, some pond-formed systems have been designed and built being used for keeping water, recycling water, and creating green space around the cities, industrial and agricultural regions. The built ponds around the world are presently used for improving water quality encountering the removable and irremovable pollutants including the streaming water, floods, domestic and agricultural sewerages, the sewage of the coal mines and developing the ecological perspectives. So the efficiency of these systems in developing water quality and protecting it has led to a rapid increase in their number throughout the world. The present paper aims at positioning the proper areas for constructing sophisticated ponds in the northwest of Tehran (2,5,9,10,17,18,21 and 22 urban area) through combining AHP and fuzzy logic methods and Expert choice software. therefore, After giving digits of data in the geographic information system, different plan layers including height, slop, average annual temperature, lithology, distance from drainage network ,city , roads ,and the depth of ground water were produced. Then, evaluation and location of the proper and improper areas for making artificial ponds was done. The findings show that about 18 percent of the northern and northwestern area has a low potential while 34 percent of the southern and southeastern region have a high potential for constructing artificial ponds.

In urban tourism organizations, effective planning process, infrastructure development, financing, monitoring and directing efforts to identify potentialities, changing attitudes and culture, discovering new benefits of urban management are considered as major issues. Chaboksar city, as a tourist origin, requires the formulation of a strategy for the integrated management of urban tourism. Traditional projects and the lack of an integrated approach lead to the waste of resources. Besides, it is necessary for urban management to solve the challenges by using integrated management approach of urban tourism. The present study aims at investigating the effect of indicators of urban development strategies on the integrated management of tourism development. The research method is a kind of descriptive-analytical one using questionnaire. Therefore, a statistical population of 365 residents and 20 experts was selected. The findings show that according to the main indicators (good Governance, being a bank, being livable, competitive) and the views of the experts, the overall average index of integrated management of urban development in Chaboksar is 2.92, while in the citizen view is 2.70. However, the mean of both was less than mean of theoretical range in questionnaire. Since the integrated management of tourism development is under the impact of urban governance management indicators, IT Banking and financial indicators approach, capability of life with the social aspect, economic, service - Physical and competitive, T test was used to check the status indicators. According to the findings of the test, the aforesaid indices are not significant in the level under 0.05. Therefore it can be inferred that the independent variables in the integrated management of tourism development have not been effective. Thus, the indices in Chaboksar are lower than the average suggesting that the independent factor is not effective enough in the integrated management of tourism development and requires a review of management practice and more efficient index model.

According to the complex process of main bed river movement, erosion in the Harirudborder River and crucial importance of its geomorphic evolution in hydropolitics issues, identifying the geomorphic evolution of this river is regarded nesseccary. Having predicted the trend of geomorphic evolution of the stream channels, one can propose better solutions to the related problems. Quantifying the meanderings of the river from the past and present timed maps and pictures, the amount of the bed river movement can be recognized in both longitude and latitude. The quantification was carried out by Arc GIS package, SPSS and field work. The effect of natural factors such as tectonics, slope amount, the formation of the river and river discharge were also measured so that we can determine the effect of these parameters on the meandering movement. The present study aims at evaluating the morphologic changes of Harirudasa border river bed and investigating the factors affecting these changes. Ultimately, it turned out that a series of environmental and Anteropzhen movements have taken place in the context of Harirud River mostly toward Iran

Throughout the history, mankind has always been considering "water" as an element creating civilizations. This essence of being is one of the main reasons leading to the formation and survival of the settlements that appeared around the world. Therefore, proper management of the water resources to maintain its stability and continuation are necessity for the survival and development of each society. In order to achieve the goals of the water resource management and sustainable development, not only technical measures, structural and engineering activities, but also cultural and social approaches and strategies can be effective. The present study aims at investigating the factors influencing farmer's attitudes towards water management in Shirvan & Chrdavl. The required data were gathered using field study and researcher-made questionnaire. The population was all farmers of Shirvan & Chrdavl, 11211 people. The sample of 192 beneficiaries residing in eight districts in the city of Shirvan & Chrdavl proportional stratified random sampling. In this study, the validity and reliability of the field data collection were confirmed by applying a pilot test and 30 questionnaires. They were analyzed by using SPSS software. Diagnostic analysis showed that the values ​​of Wilks lambda variables of total land area, water area, technical and educational level compared with other variables are able to predict the class of farmer's attitudes towards the sustainable management of water resources.

Urban safety against natural hazards is one of the main goals of urban planning. Since Iran is considered as one of the first ten countries in the world for natural disasters, the management of the crisis is one of the necessities of urban planning. On the other, natural disasters such as earthquakes not only cause physical damage to physical infrastructure in earthquake-affected areas, but also the social structures of those areas will also be affected. Therefore, urban vulnerability assessment against these risks is not just limited to structural elements and their physical, social elements of these cities. Therefore, the present study aims at evaluating the social vulnerability against earthquake in four areas Abhar city. Taking into account the factors such as the age distribution of the population at risk during an earthquake, employment, education, number of people with disabilities, high-risk applications in the three indicators of economic, social and physical spaces towards risk and necessary applications are investigated. Research methodology is the quantitative and analytical approach. Library method was used in theoretical approaches. Moreover, the electrical methods were used to rank Abhar city areas of social vulnerability indicators. In this study, the weighting criteria AHP model is used. The findings indicate that social vulnerability is a result of social inequality in urban communities. Due to different social characteristics of different indices in various parts of the city Abhar, the regions have different vulnerability, as region 2 has the highest rate and region 4 the lowest rate of social vulnerability against the earthquakes.